SUBJECT
Neuroanatomy I
practical
master
2
Semesters 1-4
Autumn/Spring semester
1. Fundamental neurohistology. Light microscopical structure of neurons and glial cells. Electron microscopical structure of neurons: perikaryon and dendrites. Characteristics of axons.
2. The synapses. Electrical synapse, neuromuscular junction and interneuronal synapse. Ultrastructural characteristics of excitatory and inhibitory synapses.
3. Structure and types of nerve fibers. Ultrastructure of glial cells, blood vessels of brain, and meninges.
4. Development of mammalian nervous system I. Neurulation, classical and modern explanation of neural induction (default model). Formation of central nervous system, differentiation of neural tube into spinal cord and brain. Divisions of spinal cord and brain stem.
5. Development of mammalian nervous system II. Morphogenesis of diencephalon and telencephalon. Derivatives of neural crest and the development of certain elements of peripheral nervous system.
6. Development of avian and mammalian nervous system III. Development of the nervous system of domestic chicken, laboratory rat and laboratory mouse; study of histological sections (neurulation, neural plate, closing of neural tube, differentiation of brain vesicles, rhombomeres etc.).
7. Study of the nervous system of bony fishes I. Opening the skull and meninges, preparation of bulbus and olfactory nerve, brain, membranous labyrinth, and cranial nerve no. VIII.
8. Study of the nervous system of bony fishes II. Complete dissection of brain, opening of orbit, preparation of eye moving muscles and innervating cranial nerves. Opening of periorbital fascia, dissection underlying branch of trigeminal nerve (V/2), preparation of third branch of n.V.
9. Study of the nervous system of bony fishes III. Gills and innervating cranial nerves (IX, X) and their ganglia. Removal of the brain and identification of its parts. Cutting sections of the brain, superficial staining of sections and identification of parts. Demonstration of slice anatomical pictures.
10. Study of the nervous system of amphibians I. Preparation and identification of superficial peripheral nerves (nn. spinales, rami dorsales, n. trigeminus, n. facialis and deeper n. glossopharyngeus and „n. hypoglossus”. Opening of body cavity.
11. Study of the nervous system of amphibians II. Folding up the stomach and duodenum and identification of ggl. solare and plexus solaris on the surface of a. coeliacomesenterica and branches. After evisceration dissection of retroperitoneal nerves (ventral branches of nn. spinales and truncus sympathicus). Cutting through symphysis pubica and preparation of blood vessels and nerves of lower limb.
12. Study of the nervous system of amphibians III. Opening the canalis vertebralis, examination of the spinal cord in situ, preparation of the connection of plexus lumbosacralis and spinal cord. Dissection of brain, middle and inner ear.
13. Study of the nervous system of amphibians IV. Removal of the brain and identification of its parts. Cutting sections of the brain (cross-, sagittal and horizontal sections by a razor blade or vibratom), superficial staining of sections and identification of parts.
14. Examination of histological sections made from brains of bony fishes and primarily frogs (medulla oblongata, mesodiencephalic and telodiencephalic border zones, and telencephalon).
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Richard E. Brown Introduction to Neuroendocrinology Cambridge University press 1996
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Duane E. Haines: Neuroanatomy: An Atlas of Structures, Sections, and Systems, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, ISBN 9780781763288
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Kandel et al. Principles of Neuronal Science Elsevier 2000
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Siegel et al. Basic Neurochemistry Lippincott-Raven 1999